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95751-30-7,蝎毒素Charybdotoxin,Pyr-Phe-Thr-Asn-Val-Ser-Cys-Thr-Thr-Ser-Lys-Glu-Cys-Trp-Ser-Val-Cys-Gln-Arg-Leu-His-Asn-Thr-Ser-Arg-Gly-Lys-Cys-Met-Asn-Lys-Lys-Cys-Arg-Cys-Tyr-Ser-COOH(Disulfide Bridge:Cys6-Cys27 & Cys12-Cys32 & Cys16-Cys34),pGlu-FTNVSCTTSKECWSVCQRLHNTSRGKCMNKKCRCYS-OH(Disulfide Bridge:C6-C27 & C12-C32 & C16-C34),杭州专肽生物的产品

蝎毒素Charybdotoxin

编号:136760

CAS号:95751-30-7

单字母:pGlu-FTNVSCTTSKECWSVCQRLHNTSRGKCMNKKCRCYS-OH(Disulfide Bridge:C6-C27 & C12-C32 & C16-C34)

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  • 编号:136760
    中文名称:蝎毒素Charybdotoxin
    英文名:Charybdotoxin
    CAS号:95751-30-7
    单字母:pGlu-FTNVSCTTSKECWSVCQRLHNTSRGKCMNKKCRCYS-OH(Disulfide Bridge:C6-C27 & C12-C32 & C16-C34)
    三字母:Pyr-Phe-Thr-Asn-Val-Ser-Cys-Thr-Thr-Ser-Lys-Glu-Cys-Trp-Ser-Val-Cys-Gln-Arg-Leu-His-Asn-Thr-Ser-Arg-Gly-Lys-Cys-Met-Asn-Lys-Lys-Cys-Arg-Cys-Tyr-Ser-COOH(Disulfide Bridge:Cys6-Cys27 & Cys12-Cys32 & Cys16-Cys34)
    氨基酸个数:36
    分子式:C176H279O56N56S7
    平均分子量:4295.98
    等电点(PI):12.29
    pH=7.0时的净电荷数:12.05
    平均亲水性:0.08
    外观与性状:白色粉末状固体
    来源:人工化学合成,仅限科学研究使用,不得用于人体。
    纯度:95%、98%
    盐体系:可选TFA、HAc、HCl
    储存条件:负80℃至负20℃
    标签:二硫键环肽    阻断剂相关肽(Blocker Peptide)   

  • Definition

    Charybdotoxin (CTX) is a 37 amino acid neurotoxin from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus that blocks calcium-activated potassium channels that causes hyperexcitation of the nervous system1.

    Discovery

    CTX was first identified and partially purified from the venom of the scorpion, Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus in 19852.  It was found that CTX could reversibly inhibit Ca2+-activated K+ channels of mammalian skeletal muscle2.

    Classification

    CTX belongs to the charybdotoxin family of potassion channel blocking peptides3.

    Structural Characteristics

    CTX like other potassium channel blocking peptides has a characteristic fold in its peptide backbone3. It also has three disulphide bridges that hold the three stranded beta-sheet to the two to three turn alpha-helix in place3. The toxicity of CTX depends on the Lys at position 273.  Several structural analogs of CTX have been designed4.

    Mode of action

    CTX blocks potassium channels by binding to a receptor at the opening of the ion conduction pathway5.  It binds both to the open and the closed states5. In addition, the block is enhanced as the ionic strength is lowered6.

    Functions

    Scorpions such as the deathstalker paralyse their prey by injecting a potent mix of peptide toxins one of which is CTX7. Anti-scorpion venom serum (AScVS) is an effective and safe method of therapy in severe scorpion envenoming syndrome. Compared with other therapies like alpha blockers it has a relatively short recovery period8.  CTX is also a good model to study potassium channels7.

    References

    1.     Laurent F, Michel A, Bonnet PA, Chapat JP, Boucard M (1993). Evaluation of the relaxant effects of SCA40, a novel charybdotoxin-sensitive potassium channel opener, in guinea-pig isolated trachealis. Br. J. Pharmacol., 108 (3), 622–6.

    2.     Miller C, Moczydlowski E, LaTorre R and Phillips M (1985). Charybdotoxin, a protein inhibitor of single Ca2+-activated K+ channels from mammalian skeletal muscle. Nature (Lond), 313, 316-318.

    3.     Book: Guidebook to protein toxins and their use in cell biology, Rappuoli R, Montecucco C, 143-145.

    4.     Rauer H, Lanigan MD, Pennington MW, Aiyar J, Ghanshani S, Cahalan MD, Norton RS, Chandy KG (2000). Structure-guided transformation of charybdotoxin yields an analog that selectively targets Ca(2+)-activated over voltage-gated K(+) channels. J Biol Chem, 275(2), 1201-8.

    5.     Naranjo D, Miller C (1996). A strongly interacting pair of residues on the contact surface of charybdotoxin and a Shaker K+ channel. Neuron, 16 (1), 123–30.

    6.     MacKinnon R, Reinhart PH, White MM (1988). Charybdotoxin block of Shaker K+ channels suggests that different types of K+ channels share common structural features. Neuron, (10): 997–1001.

    7.     Garcia ML, Knaus HG, Munujos P, Slaughter RS, Kaczorowski GJ (1995). Charybdotoxin and its effects on potassium channels. Am J Physiol., 269(1.1), C1-10.

    8.     Natu VS, Murthy RK, Deodhar KP (2006). Efficacy of species specific anti-scorpion venom serum (AScVS) against severe, serious scorpion stings (Mesobuthus tamulus concanesis Pocock)—an experience from rural hospital in western Maharashtra. J Assoc Physicians India, 54, 283–7.

    二硫键广泛存在与蛋白结构中,对稳定蛋白结构具有非常重要的意义,二硫键一般是通过序列中的2个Cys的巯基,经氧化形成。
     

    形成二硫键的方法很多:空气氧化法,DMSO氧化法,过氧化氢氧化法等。
     

    二硫键的合成过程,  可以通过Ellman检测以及HPLC检测方法对其反应进程进行监测。  
       

    如果多肽中只含有1对Cys,那二硫键的形成是简单的。多肽经固相或液相合成,然后在pH8-9的溶液中进行氧化。      
     

    当需要形成2对或2对以上的二硫键时,合成过程则相对复杂。尽管二硫键的形成通常是在合成方案的最后阶段完成,但有时引入预先形成的二硫化物是有利于连合或延长肽链的。通常采用的巯基保护基有trt, Acm, Mmt, tBu, Bzl, Mob, Tmob等多种基团。我们分别列出两种以2-Cl树脂和Rink树脂为载体合成的多肽上多对二硫键形成路线:
     

    二硫键反应条件选择    
     

     二硫键即为蛋白质或多肽分子中两个不同位点Cys的巯基(-SH)被氧化形成的S-S共价键。 一条肽链上不同位置的氨基酸之间形成的二硫键,可以将肽链折叠成特定的空间结构。多肽分 子通常分子量较大,空间结构复杂,结构中形成二硫键时要求两个半胱氨酸在空间距离上接近。 此外,多肽结构中还原态的巯基化学性质活泼,容易发生其他的副反应,而且肽链上其他侧链 也可能会发生一系列修饰,因此,肽链进行修饰所选取的氧化剂和氧化条件是反应的关键因素, 反应机理也比较复杂,既可能是自由基反应,也可能是离子反应。      

    反应条件有多种选择,比如空气氧化,DMSO氧化等温和的氧化过程,也可以采用H2O2,I2, 汞盐等激烈的反应条件。
     

    空气氧化法: 空气氧化法形成二硫键是多肽合成中最经典的方法,通常是将巯基处于还原态的多肽溶于水中,在近中性或弱碱性条件下(PH值6.5-10),反应24小时以上。为了降低分子之间二硫键形成的可能,该方法通常需要在低浓度条件下进行。
     

    碘氧化法:将多肽溶于25%的甲醇水溶液或30%的醋酸水溶液中,逐滴滴加10-15mol/L的碘进行氧化,反应15-40min。当肽链中含有对碘比较敏感的Tyr、Trp、Met和His的残基时,氧化条件要控制的更精确,氧化完后,立即加入维生素C或硫代硫酸钠除去过量的碘。 当序列中有两对或多对二硫键需要成环时,通常有两种情况:
     

    自然随机成环:       序列中的Cys之间随机成环,与一对二硫键成环条件相似;
     

    定点成环:       定点成环即序列中的Cys按照设计要求形成二硫键,反应过程相对复杂。在 固相合成多肽之前,需要提前设计几对二硫键形成的顺序和方法路线,选择不同的侧链 巯基保护基,利用其性质差异,分步氧化形成两对或多对二硫键。       通常采用的巯基保护 基有trt, Acm, Mmt, tBu, Bzl, Mob, Tmob等多种基团。

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