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GRP 是一种铃蟾肽样肽，参与应激引起的厌食症。

GRP, a bombesin-like peptide, is involved in stress-induced anorexia.

胃泌素释放肽(Gastrin releasing peptide_GRP)的定义

胃泌素释放肽（GRP）是一种27个氨基酸的线性神经肽，在结构和功能上与蛙皮素（BB）相关，介导胃窦胃泌素的神经释放，引起支气管收缩和呼吸道血管舒张，刺激培养细胞的生长和有丝分裂，并可作为肠道中间神经元的兴奋性神经递质。

Gastrin releasing peptide (GRP) is a 27-amino acid linear neuropeptide, structurally and functionally related to bombesin (BB) that mediates neural release of antral gastrin, causes bronchoconstriction and respiratory tract vasodilation, stimulates growth and mitogenesis of cells in culture, and may act as an excitatory neurotransmitter of enteric interneurons.

胃泌素释放肽(Gastrin releasing peptide_GRP)的相关肽

GRP基因编码蛙皮素样胃泌素释放肽家族的成员。在切割信号肽后，其前蛋白被进一步加工以产生27-aa GRP或10-aa neuromedin C【1】。GRP和neuromedin B（NMB）在结构上与BB相关，并存在于哺乳动物小肠内。通过修饰N-乙酰基-GRP-20-27的COOH末端，已经开发出一系列有效的GRP拮抗剂。通过修饰该肽的COOH末端区域获得的该系列中最有效的成员N-乙酰基-GRP-20-26-0CH2CH3阻断GRP刺激的有丝分裂，抑制GRP依赖性胃泌素释放并阻断GRP诱导的升高。体外[Ca2+]i【2】。

The GRP gene encodes a member of the bombesin-like family of gastrin-releasing peptides. Its preproprotein, following cleavage of a signal peptide, is further processed to produce either the 27 aa GRP or the 10 aa neuromedin C【1】.  The GRP and neuromedin B (NMB) are structurally related to BB and exist within the mammalian small intestine. A series of potent GRP antagonists have been developed by modification of the COOH terminus of N-acetyl-GRP-20-27. The most potent member of this series, N-acetyl-GRP-20-26-0CH2CH3, obtained by modification of the COOH-terminal region of this peptide blocks GRP-stimulated mitogenesis, inhibits GRP-dependent release of gastrin and blocks GRP-induced elevation of [Ca2+]i in vitro【2】.

胃泌素释放肽(Gastrin releasing peptide_GRP)的发现

Bombesin是一种最初从欧洲斑点蛙Bombina bombino的皮肤中提取的肽，在哺乳动物中具有深远的生物学效力。这导致了“哺乳动物蛙蛋白”GRP5和NMB的发现【3】。McDonald TJ等人于1978年在猪非胃窦胃组织的提取物中发现了GRP 【4】。

Bombesin is a peptide originally extracted from the skin of the European discoglossid frog Bombina bombino and possessed profound biological potency in mammals. This led to the discovery of the "mammalian bombesins" GRP5 and NMB【3】. McDonald TJ et al., in 1978 discovered GRP in extracts from porcine non-antral gastric tissue【4】.

胃泌素释放肽(Gastrin releasing peptide_GRP)的结构特征

人GRP（hGRP）mRNA编码148个氨基酸的前体，其中包含典型的信号序列，由27或28个氨基酸组成的hGRP和羧基末端延伸肽。hGRP在其羧基末端的两侧是两个碱性氨基酸，其后是用于羧基末端蛋氨酸酰胺化的甘氨酸。hGRP包含两个潜在的内部胰蛋白酶切割位点，可以产生hGRP-（14-27）或hGRP-（18-27）。这两种形式的hGRP可能来源于将pre-proGRP替代蛋白水解加工成GRP-（1-27）和较小的GRP样肽【5】。虽然GRP的残基20-27影响亲本肽与其受体的结合，但COOH末端氨基酸主要负责触发随后的生物反应【5】。

Human GRP (hGRP) mRNA encodes a precursor of 148 amino acids containing a typical signal sequence, hGRP consisting of 27 or 28 amino acids, and a carboxyl-terminal extension peptide. hGRP is flanked at its carboxyl terminus by two basic amino acids, following a glycine used for amidation of the carboxyl-terminal methionine. hGRP contains two potential internal tryptic cleavage sites that could generate hGRP-(14-27) or hGRP-(18-27). The two forms of hGRP probably derive from alternative proteolytic processing of pre-proGRP into both GRP-(1-27) and a smaller GRP-like peptide【5】. While the residues 20-27 of GRP influence binding of the parent peptide to its receptor, the COOH-terminal amino acid is primarily responsible for triggering the subsequent biological response【5】.

胃泌素释放肽(Gastrin releasing peptide_GRP)的作用机理

GRP的作用是通过GRP受体介导的。该受体是一种糖基化的7-跨膜G蛋白偶联受体，可激活磷脂酶C信号通路。该受体在许多癌症中异常表达，例如肺癌，结肠癌和前列腺癌【6】。

The effects of GRP are mediated through the GRP receptor. This receptor is a glycosylated, 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor that activates the phospholipase C signaling pathway. The receptor is aberrantly expressed in numerous cancers such as those of the lung, colon, and prostate【6】.

胃泌素释放肽(Gastrin releasing peptide_GRP)的功能

GRP由迷走神经的神经节后纤维释放，神经支配胃的G细胞并刺激它们释放胃泌素。GRP可以通过动员细胞内钙的特定GRP受体直接刺激主要细胞释放胃蛋白酶原。GRP作为肿瘤标志物在小细胞肺癌的诊断中具有突出的作用。它调节胃肠道和中枢神经系统的许多功能，包括平滑肌细胞收缩和上皮细胞增殖，并且是肿瘤组织的有效促分裂原6。

GRP is released by the post-ganglionic fibres of the vagus nerve, which innervate the G cells of the stomach and stimulate them to release gastrin. GRP can directly stimulate pepsinogen release from chief cells by a specific GRP receptor that mobilizes intracellular calcium. GRP has a prominent role as a tumor marker in the diagnosis of small-cell lung carcinoma. It regulates numerous functions of the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems, including smooth muscle cell contraction, and epithelial cell proliferation and is a potent mitogen for neoplastic tissues6.

胃泌素释放肽(Gastrin releasing peptide_GRP)的相关文献

1. Chandan R, Newell SM, Brown DR (1988).Actions of gastrin-releasing peptide and related mammalian and amphibian peptides on ion transport in the porcine proximal jejunum. Regul Pept, 23(1):1-14.

2. Heimbrook DC, Saari WS, Balishin NL, Friedman A, Moore KS, Reimen MW, Kiefer DM, Rotberg NS, Wallen JW, Oliff A(1989). Carboxyl-terminal Modification of a Gastrin Releasing Peptide Derivative Generates Potent Antagonists. J Biol Chem, 264(19):11258-11262.

3. Preston SR, Woodhouse LF, Jones-Blackett S, Wyatt JI, Primrose JN(1993). Shaun R. Preston, Linda F. Woodhouse, Steven Jones-Blackett, Judy I. Wyatt, and John N. Primrose.1993. High Affinity Binding Sites for Gastrin Releasing Peptide on Human Gastric Cancer and Menetrier's Mucosa. Cancer Res, 53(21):5090-5092.

4. McDonald TJ, Nilsson G, Vagne M, Ghatei M, Bloom SR, Mutt V.1978. A gastrin releasing peptide from the porcine nonantral gastric tissue. Gut, 19(9):767-774.

5. Spindel ER, Chin WW, Price J, Rees LH, Besser GM, Habener JF(1984). Cloning and characterization of cDNAs encoding human gastrin-releasing peptide. Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA 81(18):5699-5703.

6. Martínez A, Zudaire E, Julián M, Moody TW, Cuttitta F (2005). Gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) induces angiogenesis and the specific GRP blocker 77427 inhibits tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Oncogene, 24(25):4106-4113.